Types of CDL Licenses in the United States

Commercial driving is the backbone of America’s economy, transporting goods and passengers across the nation every single day. If you’re considering a career in trucking, bus driving, or operating other large commercial vehicles, understanding the different types of Commercial Driver’s Licenses (CDL) is your first step toward success. The CDL system is designed to ensure that drivers operating heavy and specialized vehicles have the proper training and qualifications to do so safely.

This comprehensive guide breaks down the three main classes of CDL licenses—Class A, Class B, and Class C—along with the various endorsements and restrictions that can be added to each license type. Whether you’re planning to haul freight across state lines, drive a school bus, or transport hazardous materials, there’s a specific CDL classification designed for your career path.

Understanding Commercial Driver’s Licenses

A Commercial Driver’s License is more than just a regular driver’s license—it’s a specialized certification required by federal law for anyone operating large commercial vehicles. Established in 1992 under the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA), the CDL system standardized commercial driving requirements across all 50 states, ensuring consistent safety standards nationwide. The system exists to improve highway safety and ensure all commercial drivers meet minimum training standards, distinguishing CDLs from regular licenses through stricter requirements, mandatory medical certification, and specialized testing for different vehicle classes.

Any vehicle with a Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) of 26,001 pounds or more, vehicles designed to transport 16 or more passengers (including the driver), or vehicles transporting hazardous materials in quantities requiring placards requires a CDL. The CDL framework consists of three main license classes (A, B, and C) based on vehicle weight and towing capacity, each permitting the operation of different vehicle types. Drivers who need a CDL include truck drivers hauling interstate freight, bus operators, delivery drivers operating large commercial vehicles, construction equipment operators on public roads, and anyone transporting hazardous materials regardless of vehicle size.

What is a CDL?

A CDL (Commercial Driver’s License) is a specialized driver’s license issued by individual states that authorizes holders to operate commercial motor vehicles as defined by federal regulations established by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) in 1986, with full implementation by 1992. The license is regulated by federal standards but administered at the state level, requiring drivers to pass both written knowledge tests and practical behind-the-wheel driving exams. Vehicles requiring a CDL include those with a GVWR of 26,001 pounds or more, vehicles designed to transport 16 or more passengers including the driver, and any vehicle transporting hazardous materials in quantities requiring safety placards, regardless of the vehicle’s weight.

CDL Requirements and Eligibility

To obtain a CDL, applicants must be at least 18 years old for intrastate (within one state) driving or 21 years old for interstate (across state lines) driving and hazardous materials transportation. Candidates must hold a valid regular driver’s license, pass a Department of Transportation (DOT) medical examination to obtain a medical certificate proving they meet physical health standards including vision and hearing requirements, and have a clean driving record free from serious violations like DUI or multiple at-fault accidents. Additional requirements include providing proof of U.S. citizenship or legal presence in the United States, completing specialized training through an accredited CDL school or employer training program, and passing both written knowledge tests and a three-part skills examination before receiving the license.

CDL License Classes

The three CDL classes are differentiated primarily by the weight of the vehicle and the type of towing involved. These classifications determine what vehicles you’re legally authorized to operate and directly impact your career opportunities in commercial driving.

CDL License Classes Comparison Table:

License Class	Vehicle Weight Requirements	Towing Capacity	Typical Vehicles	Common Career Paths
Class A	Combination vehicles with GVWR of 26,001+ lbs, with towed unit over 10,000 lbs	Over 10,000 lbs	Tractor-trailers, semi-trucks, tanker trucks, livestock carriers, flatbeds	Long-haul trucking, freight hauling, interstate trucking
Class B	Single vehicles with GVWR of 26,001+ lbs, or towing unit not exceeding 10,000 lbs	Up to 10,000 lbs	Straight trucks, large buses, dump trucks, delivery trucks, box trucks	City bus driver, school bus driver, local delivery, dump truck operator
Class C	Vehicles not meeting Class A or B criteria but designed to transport 16+ passengers or hazardous materials	Varies	Passenger vans, small buses, hazmat vehicles under 26,000 lbs	Shuttle driver, small bus operator, hazmat transport

Class A CDL

Class A is the most versatile and widely held commercial driver’s license, authorizing drivers to operate combination vehicles where the combined weight exceeds 26,001 pounds and the towed vehicle weighs more than 10,000 pounds. This includes tractor-trailers, semi-trucks, truck and trailer combinations, tanker vehicles, livestock carriers, and flatbeds—essentially the large rigs you see hauling freight on highways across America. With a Class A CDL, you can also operate any vehicle that falls under Class B or Class C categories, making it the most comprehensive commercial license available and opening doors to the highest-paying trucking jobs, which often range from $50,000 to over $80,000 annually.

Class B CDL

A Class B CDL permits operation of single vehicles with a Gross Vehicle Weight Rating of 26,001 pounds or more, or vehicles towing another vehicle that doesn’t exceed 10,000 pounds. Common Class B vehicles include straight trucks (trucks where the cab and cargo area are one unit), large passenger buses, city transit buses, school buses, dump trucks, box trucks, and delivery vehicles. Class B license holders can also operate Class C vehicles, making this license ideal for those pursuing careers in public transportation, school bus driving, or local delivery services, with average salaries ranging from $40,000 to $65,000 depending on the specific role and location.

Class C CDL

Class C is the most specialized CDL class, required for vehicles that don’t meet Class A or B weight requirements but are designed to transport 16 or more passengers (including the driver) or transport hazardous materials in quantities requiring safety placards. This includes passenger vans, small buses, shuttles, and smaller vehicles carrying hazmat loads under 26,000 pounds GVWR. While Class C CDL holders typically earn less than Class A or B drivers—usually between $30,000 and $50,000 annually—this license is essential for shuttle services, hotel and airport transportation, small tour bus operations, and companies transporting regulated hazardous materials in smaller quantities.

CDL Endorsements

CDL endorsements are additional qualifications added to your base CDL that authorize you to operate specialized types of commercial vehicles or carry specific types of cargo. Each endorsement requires passing an additional written knowledge test (and sometimes a skills test), and they can significantly expand your job opportunities and earning potential in the commercial driving industry.

CDL Endorsements Table:

Endorsement Code	Name	What It Allows	Test Requirements
P	Passenger	Operate vehicles carrying 16+ passengers	Written test + Skills test
S	School Bus	Operate school buses	Written test + Skills test
N	Tank Vehicle	Operate tank vehicles (liquid/gas cargo)	Written test
H	Hazardous Materials	Transport hazardous materials requiring placards	Written test + TSA background check
T	Double/Triple Trailers	Pull double or triple trailers	Written test
X	Combination Tanker/Hazmat	Combined H and N endorsements	Written tests for both + Background check

Passenger (P) Endorsement

The Passenger (P) endorsement is required for any driver operating a vehicle designed to transport 16 or more passengers, including the driver. This endorsement is essential for city bus drivers, charter bus operators, tour bus drivers, and any commercial passenger transportation service. To obtain a P endorsement, drivers must pass both a specialized written knowledge test covering passenger safety, emergency procedures, and proper passenger management, as well as a skills test demonstrating the ability to safely operate a passenger vehicle, including pre-trip inspections specific to passenger transportation.

School Bus (S) Endorsement

The School Bus (S) endorsement is specifically required for operating school buses and is one of the most regulated CDL endorsements due to the precious cargo—children—that school bus drivers transport. In addition to passing a specialized written test covering school bus operations, loading and unloading procedures, railroad crossing protocols, and student management, applicants must also complete a skills test in an actual school bus. Most states also require school bus drivers to undergo extensive background checks, fingerprinting, and additional state-specific training beyond federal CDL requirements, making this one of the most thoroughly vetted commercial driving positions available.

Hazardous Materials (H) Endorsement

The Hazardous Materials (H) endorsement authorizes drivers to transport materials classified as hazardous under federal regulations—including explosives, flammable liquids, corrosive materials, radioactive substances, and other dangerous goods—in quantities requiring safety placards. Obtaining an H endorsement is more rigorous than other endorsements: drivers must pass a specialized written test, submit fingerprints, and undergo a Transportation Security Administration (TSA) background check that examines criminal history and potential security threats. The endorsement must be renewed every five years and requires a new background check with each renewal, reflecting the serious responsibility of transporting potentially dangerous materials on public roads.

Tank Vehicle (N) Endorsement

The Tank Vehicle (N) endorsement is required for operating vehicles designed to transport liquids or gases in bulk containers with a capacity of 1,000 gallons or more. This includes tanker trucks hauling fuel, milk, water, chemicals, or other liquids, as well as portable tanks and cargo tanks. Drivers must pass a written knowledge test covering the unique challenges of driving tank vehicles, including liquid surge (the movement of liquid cargo that can affect vehicle stability), proper loading and unloading procedures, and safe driving techniques to prevent rollover accidents, which are more common with high-center-of-gravity tank vehicles.

Double/Triple Trailers (T) Endorsement

The Double/Triple Trailers (T) endorsement permits drivers to pull two or three trailers at once, which is common in long-distance freight operations where maximizing cargo capacity improves efficiency. These combination vehicles require specialized skills because they handle differently than single trailers—they’re more prone to jackknifing, require wider turning radiuses, and take longer to stop due to increased weight and length. Drivers must pass a written test covering coupling and uncoupling procedures, inspecting multiple trailers, recognizing handling differences, and managing the additional length (double trailers can exceed 60 feet, while triples can reach 100 feet or more) when maneuvering in traffic and tight spaces.

CDL Restrictions

CDL restrictions are limitations placed on a commercial driver’s license that specify conditions under which the driver may not operate or limitations on the types of vehicles they can drive. These restrictions are typically noted by letter codes on the physical CDL and are enforced by law—violating your CDL restrictions can result in fines, license suspension, or disqualification from commercial driving.

Common CDL Restrictions Table:

Restriction Code	Description	Reason
L	No air brake equipped vehicles	Skills test taken in vehicle without air brakes
E	No manual transmission vehicles	Skills test taken in automatic transmission vehicle
M	No Class A passenger vehicles	Did not pass Class A passenger vehicle skills test
N	No Class A and B passenger vehicles	Did not pass passenger vehicle skills test
O	No tractor-trailer vehicles	Skills test not taken in tractor-trailer
K	Intrastate only	Not eligible for interstate commerce (under age 21)
V	Medical variance required	Driver requires FMCSA medical variance to operate
Z	No full air brake equipped CMV	Skills test in vehicle with air over hydraulic brakes

Air Brake Restriction (L)

The air brake restriction (L) is one of the most common CDL limitations and is placed on licenses when a driver completes their skills test in a vehicle not equipped with air brakes—typically vehicles with hydraulic brakes. This restriction prohibits the driver from operating any commercial vehicle equipped with air brakes, which includes most large tractor-trailers, buses, and heavy trucks, significantly limiting job opportunities since the vast majority of Class A and many Class B vehicles use air brake systems. To remove this restriction, drivers must return to the testing facility, pass a written air brakes knowledge test (if not already completed), and successfully complete a skills test in a vehicle equipped with air brakes, demonstrating proper inspection procedures and operation.

Automatic Transmission Restriction (E)

The automatic transmission restriction (E) is placed on a CDL when the driver takes their skills test in a vehicle with an automatic transmission rather than a manual transmission. While an increasing number of commercial vehicles are now equipped with automatic transmissions—especially in newer fleets—this restriction still limits employment opportunities since many trucking companies operate vehicles with manual transmissions, particularly in older fleets or specialized operations. Removing this restriction requires retaking the skills test in a vehicle with a manual transmission and demonstrating proficiency in shifting, double-clutching, and operating the vehicle safely through various road conditions and maneuvers.

How to Obtain Your CDL

Obtaining a CDL is a multi-step process that typically takes several weeks to several months, depending on whether you attend a full-time training program or train part-time while working. The process begins with obtaining a Commercial Learner’s Permit (CLP) by passing the written knowledge tests for your desired license class and any endorsements, then completing behind-the-wheel training under the supervision of a licensed CDL holder. Once training is complete, you’ll schedule and pass the three-part CDL skills test—a pre-trip vehicle inspection, a basic vehicle control test, and an on-road driving test—administered by your state’s licensing authority.

Most aspiring commercial drivers attend an accredited CDL training school, which typically costs between $3,000 and $7,000 and takes 3-8 weeks to complete, though many trucking companies offer paid training programs or tuition reimbursement in exchange for a commitment to work for them for a specified period (usually 6-12 months). After passing your skills test and receiving your CDL, you’ll likely start as an over-the-road trainee or entry-level driver earning $40,000-$50,000 annually while gaining experience, with earning potential increasing significantly as you accumulate safe driving hours and potentially obtain additional endorsements.

CDL Training Programs

CDL training programs are offered through private truck driving schools, community colleges, and employer-sponsored training programs, each providing the classroom instruction and behind-the-wheel experience needed to pass the CDL exam. Accredited programs typically include 160-240 hours of training covering federal regulations, vehicle inspection procedures, safe driving techniques, log book management, and extensive practice time operating commercial vehicles on closed courses and public roads. When selecting a training program, verify it’s certified by the Professional Truck Driver Institute (PTDI) or approved by your state’s Department of Motor Vehicles, and inquire about job placement assistance, which most reputable schools offer to help graduates find their first commercial driving position.

CDL Testing Process

The CDL testing process consists of two main phases: written knowledge tests and a practical skills examination. First, you’ll take written exams covering general CDL knowledge, your specific license class, and any endorsements you’re pursuing—these tests are typically administered at your state’s DMV and must be passed to receive your Commercial Learner’s Permit (CLP), which allows you to practice driving with a licensed CDL holder. After holding your CLP for at least 14 days (requirements vary by state) and completing your training, you’ll schedule the three-part skills test: a comprehensive pre-trip vehicle inspection where you demonstrate knowledge of safety checks, a basic controls test evaluating your ability to maneuver the vehicle in close quarters (backing, parking, alley docking), and a road test where an examiner rides along to assess your driving skills in real traffic conditions.

CDL Career Opportunities and Salary Expectations

The commercial driving industry offers diverse career paths with varying levels of responsibility, home time, and compensation. Long-haul truck drivers with Class A CDLs typically earn between $45,000 and $75,000 annually, with experienced drivers for specialized loads (hazmat, oversized, refrigerated) earning $80,000 to $100,000 or more. Local delivery drivers and Class B operators generally earn $40,000 to $65,000, while passenger transport drivers earn $30,000 to $55,000 depending on whether they drive school buses, city transit, or charter services.

Beyond traditional trucking, CDL holders can pursue specialized niches that offer unique benefits and often higher pay. Owner-operators who own their trucks can earn $150,000 to $250,000 annually (before expenses), though they assume business risks and operating costs. Specialized positions like heavy equipment transport, hazmat hauling, and dedicated route drivers for major retailers often provide better home time, benefits packages, and job stability. The industry faces a persistent driver shortage, with the American Trucking Associations estimating a need for over 80,000 additional drivers, creating a strong job market for qualified CDL holders with opportunities for advancement into driver training, safety management, or fleet supervision roles.

Job Outlook for CDL Drivers

The job outlook for commercial drivers remains exceptionally strong, with the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics projecting 4-6% growth in heavy and tractor-trailer truck driver positions through 2032, which translates to approximately 230,000 new job openings annually when accounting for growth and replacement needs. This demand is driven by the continued expansion of e-commerce, aging infrastructure requiring more construction materials transport, and a significant number of experienced drivers reaching retirement age with insufficient new drivers entering the field to replace them. Additionally, federal regulations implemented in 2022 requiring entry-level driver training (ELDT) for all new CDL applicants have created higher barriers to entry, somewhat limiting the driver pool and increasing the value of qualified, trained commercial drivers in the job market.

What Are the Types of CDL License?

A Commercial Driver’s License (CDL) is a specialized credential required to operate large or heavy vehicles for commercial purposes in the United States. The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) recognizes three primary classes of CDL—Class A, Class B, and Class C—each authorizing drivers to operate different types of vehicles based on weight and configuration. Understanding these distinctions is crucial for anyone considering a career in commercial driving, as each class opens doors to different job opportunities and comes with specific training requirements.

Choosing the right CDL class depends on your career goals, the types of vehicles you want to operate, and the industries you’re interested in joining. While a Class A CDL offers the most versatility and typically the highest earning potential, Class B and Class C licenses provide excellent opportunities in specialized fields like passenger transport, delivery services, and local trucking operations.

Class A CDL License

The Class A CDL is the most comprehensive and widely sought commercial driver’s license, enabling operators to drive the largest and heaviest vehicle combinations on American roads. This license class is essential for long-haul trucking careers and is required for operating tractor-trailers, the backbone of the nation’s freight transportation system. Class A CDL holders are in high demand across industries, with common career paths including over-the-road trucking, regional freight delivery, tanker operations, and specialized heavy hauling, offering median annual salaries ranging from $45,000 to $75,000, with experienced drivers often earning significantly more.

Obtaining a Class A CDL represents the most significant investment in a commercial driving career, but it also provides the greatest flexibility and opens the widest range of employment opportunities. Holders of this license can legally operate all Class B and Class C vehicles as well, making it the most versatile option for professional drivers seeking diverse employment opportunities across multiple sectors of the transportation industry, from long-haul interstate commerce to local delivery and construction operations.

Definition and Vehicle Weight Requirements

A Class A CDL is defined by the combined weight of the vehicle combination rather than individual vehicle weight alone. Specifically, it’s required when operating a combination of vehicles with a Gross Combination Weight Rating (GCWR) of 26,001 pounds or more, provided the towed vehicle has a Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) exceeding 10,000 pounds. This weight threshold distinguishes Class A from Class B and Class C licenses: while Class B covers single heavy vehicles (26,001+ pounds) with smaller trailers (under 10,001 pounds), and Class C applies to lighter vehicles carrying passengers or hazardous materials, Class A is specifically designed for heavy vehicle combinations where both the total weight and the towed unit’s weight meet substantial thresholds.

Class A Weight Requirements Table:

Requirement	Weight Specification
Gross Combination Weight Rating (GCWR)	26,001+ lbs
Towed Vehicle GVWR	10,001+ lbs
Difference from Class B	Class B: Single vehicle 26,001+ lbs OR towed vehicle under 10,001 lbs
Difference from Class C	Class C: Vehicles under 26,001 lbs (passenger/hazmat only)
Example Combination	Tractor (18,000 lbs) + Trailer (30,000 lbs) = 48,000 lbs GCWR

Vehicles You Can Drive with Class A

Class A CDL holders can operate the widest range of commercial vehicles, including tractor-trailers (18-wheelers), tanker trucks, livestock carriers, flatbed trailers, refrigerated trailers, and vehicle transport trailers. Common configurations include standard 53-foot dry van combinations for general freight, temperature-controlled reefer units for food and pharmaceuticals, flatbeds for construction materials and machinery, and specialized equipment haulers for oversized loads. With a Class A license, you’re qualified to work in long-haul trucking, regional delivery, construction material transport, agricultural hauling, and virtually any industry requiring heavy freight movement across state lines or within local regions. Yes, Class A CDL holders can legally operate all Class B vehicles (straight trucks, buses, dump trucks) and Class C vehicles (passenger vans, small hazmat vehicles) without obtaining additional licenses, though specific endorsements may still be required for passengers or hazardous materials.

Class A Vehicle Types Table:

Vehicle Type	Common Uses/Industries	Special Endorsement Required
Tractor-Trailers (18-wheelers)	Long-haul freight, retail distribution, regional delivery	None (base license)
Tanker Trucks	Liquid cargo, fuel transport, chemical hauling	N (Tanker)
Flatbed Trailers	Construction materials, machinery, steel transport	None
Refrigerated Trailers	Food distribution, pharmaceuticals, perishables	None
Livestock Carriers	Animal transport, agricultural operations	None
Double/Triple Trailers	Package delivery, LTL freight, postal service	T (Doubles/Triples)
Hazardous Materials Trucks	Chemicals, explosives, flammable materials	H (Hazmat)
Auto Haulers	Vehicle transport, dealership delivery	None

Class A CDL Training and Testing

Class A CDL training typically requires 3-7 weeks (approximately 160-240 hours) of instruction at an accredited truck driving school, with programs costing between $3,000 and $7,000, though many carriers offer tuition reimbursement or sponsored training programs where they cover costs in exchange for employment commitments. Training includes both classroom instruction covering federal regulations, safety protocols, logbook requirements, and vehicle systems, plus extensive behind-the-wheel practice (typically 40-80 hours) in actual tractor-trailer combinations on both private ranges and public roads. The curriculum must meet FMCSA’s Entry-Level Driver Training (ELDT) standards, which became mandatory in February 2022 for all new CDL applicants, ensuring consistent baseline competency across all commercial drivers.

Class A Testing Requirements Table:

Test Component	What It Covers	Passing Requirements
General Knowledge Test	Federal regulations, safety, vehicle operation, cargo securement	Written exam, 50 questions, 80% passing score (40+ correct)
Combination Vehicles Test	Coupling/uncoupling, air brakes, trailer handling, combination inspection	Written exam, 20 questions, 80% passing score, required for Class A
Pre-Trip Inspection	Vehicle safety inspection procedures, identifying defects	Practical demonstration, must identify components and explain, 60-90 minutes
Basic Control Skills Test	Backing, straight-line backing, alley docking, offset parking, parallel parking	Practical test in controlled environment, scored on accuracy and errors
Road Test	On-road driving in traffic conditions, turns, lane changes, speed control	30-60 minute drive, evaluates safe operation, no critical errors allowed

Common Endorsements for Specialized Vehicles:

• H (Hazmat): Required for transporting hazardous materials in placardable quantities, includes TSA background check and fingerprinting ($86.50 fee), must be renewed every 5 years
• N (Tanker): Required for liquid or gas tanks over 1,000 gallons capacity, written test only
• T (Doubles/Triples): Authorizes pulling multiple trailers in combination, written test only
• P (Passenger): Required if transitioning to bus operation with 16+ passengers, includes skills test

Class B CDL License

The Class B CDL authorizes drivers to operate single heavy vehicles that don’t involve towing large trailers, making it ideal for local and regional driving positions with more predictable schedules. This license class is popular among those seeking commercial driving careers with regular home time, as Class B jobs typically involve day routes, municipal services, or regional delivery rather than long-haul travel. Career options include driving delivery trucks, dump trucks, municipal transit buses, school buses, garbage trucks, and construction vehicles, with median annual salaries ranging from $40,000 to $60,000 depending on industry, location, and experience level.

Class B positions often offer better work-life balance compared to long-haul trucking, with many drivers working standard business hours, weekends off, and sleeping in their own beds each night. Industries employing Class B drivers include waste management, construction, public transportation, school districts, food and beverage distribution, utility services, and local delivery companies, providing diverse career paths for commercial drivers who prefer to stay closer to home while still earning solid middle-class incomes.

Definition and Vehicle Weight Requirements

A Class B CDL is required when operating a single vehicle with a Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) of 26,001 pounds or more, or when towing a trailer not exceeding 10,000 pounds GVWR. The key distinction from Class A is that Class B involves either a single heavy vehicle or a combination where the towed unit remains under the 10,000-pound threshold, preventing drivers from operating large tractor-trailer combinations. This differs from Class C, which applies only to lighter vehicles (under 26,001 pounds) that carry passengers or hazardous materials, making Class B the middle tier for commercial weight classifications focused on substantial single-unit vehicles.

Class B Weight Requirements Table:

Requirement	Weight Specification
Single Vehicle GVWR	26,001+ lbs
Towed Vehicle GVWR	10,000 lbs or less
Difference from Class A	Class A: Towed vehicle must exceed 10,000 lbs; GCWR 26,001+ lbs
Difference from Class C	Class C: Vehicle under 26,001 lbs with passenger/hazmat triggers
Example Vehicle	Straight truck (30,000 lbs GVWR) towing utility trailer (8,000 lbs GVWR)

Vehicles You Can Drive with Class B

Class B CDL holders can operate straight trucks (box trucks where the cab and cargo area are one unit), large buses including school buses and municipal transit buses, segmented buses, dump trucks, concrete mixers, garbage trucks, large tow trucks, delivery trucks over 26,000 pounds, and utility service trucks. This license is essential for city bus drivers working in public transportation, school bus drivers transporting students, construction companies operating dump trucks and cement mixers, waste management firms running garbage collection routes, and delivery services handling furniture, appliances, or beverage distribution. Class B drivers work across diverse sectors including municipal services, school districts, public transportation agencies, construction firms, waste management companies, and local delivery operations, often with union benefits and government employment stability.

Class B Vehicle Types Table:

Vehicle Type	Common Uses/Industries	Special Endorsement Required
Straight/Box Trucks	Local delivery, moving services, furniture transport	None (base license)
City/Transit Buses	Public transportation, municipal services	P (Passenger)
School Buses	Student transportation, field trips	P (Passenger) + S (School Bus)
Dump Trucks	Construction, landscaping, mining	None
Concrete Mixers	Construction material delivery, contractors	None
Garbage/Refuse Trucks	Waste collection services, sanitation departments	None
Large Tow Trucks	Vehicle recovery, commercial towing	None
Delivery Trucks (26,001+ lbs)	Furniture, appliances, beverages, wholesale	None

Class B CDL Training and Testing

Class B CDL training programs typically last 2-4 weeks (approximately 80-160 hours) and cost between $2,000 and $5,000, making them a more affordable and quicker entry point into commercial driving compared to Class A programs. Training focuses on operating single-unit vehicles, maneuvering in urban environments with tight turns and traffic, pre-trip inspections specific to straight trucks or buses, and specialized skills like passenger management for bus drivers or hydraulic system operation for dump trucks. The complete process from enrollment to licensure typically takes 4-8 weeks when including testing and DMV processing, and many employers—particularly school districts, public transit agencies, and waste management companies—provide on-the-job training or sponsor candidates through CDL programs in exchange for employment commitments of 1-2 years.

Class B Testing Requirements Table:

Test Component	What It Covers	Passing Requirements
General Knowledge Test	Federal regulations, safety, vehicle operation	Written exam, 50 questions, 80% passing score (40+ correct)
Air Brakes Test	Air brake systems operation, inspection, emergency procedures	Written exam, 25 questions, 80% passing score (if vehicle equipped)
Pre-Trip Inspection	Vehicle safety inspection procedures for single-unit vehicles	Practical demonstration, 45-60 minutes, must identify components
Basic Control Skills Test	Straight-line backing, offset backing, alley dock or parallel park	Practical test in controlled environment, scored on accuracy
Road Test	On-road driving in traffic conditions with single-unit vehicle	30-45 minute drive, evaluated on safety and vehicle control

Common Endorsements:

• P (Passenger): Required for vehicles carrying 16+ passengers including driver (all buses), includes written test and skills evaluation with passengers
• S (School Bus): Additional requirement beyond P endorsement for school bus operation, includes criminal background check and state-specific requirements
• N (Tanker): For tanker trucks over 1,000 gallons capacity, written test covering liquid surge and weight distribution

Class C CDL License

The Class C CDL is designed for drivers operating smaller commercial vehicles that transport hazardous materials or carry 16 or more passengers, even if the vehicle itself weighs less than 26,001 pounds. This license class serves a specialized niche in commercial transportation, primarily covering passenger vans, small buses, and vehicles transporting quantities of hazardous materials that require placarding under DOT regulations. Class C positions typically offer salaries ranging from $35,000 to $50,000 annually, with opportunities in hotel and airport shuttle services, senior transportation, small tour operations, and specialized cargo transport requiring hazmat certification.

Unlike Class A and Class B licenses which are defined primarily by vehicle weight, the Class C CDL is triggered by the nature of the cargo (hazardous materials) or the number of passengers (16+) rather than vehicle size alone. This makes it essential for certain specific industries while being less commonly pursued than the other two classes, since many Class C-eligible jobs can also be performed by drivers holding Class B licenses, which provide greater versatility and career mobility.

Definition and Vehicle Weight Requirements

A Class C CDL is required when operating vehicles designed to transport 16 or more passengers (including the driver) or any quantity of hazardous materials requiring placarding under DOT regulations, provided the vehicle doesn’t meet the weight thresholds for Class A or Class B. Specifically, the vehicle must have a GVWR of less than 26,001 pounds and, if towing, the towed vehicle must be rated at 10,000 pounds GVWR or less. The fundamental difference is that Classes A and B are weight-defined (focusing on how heavy the vehicle or combination is), while Class C is cargo/passenger-defined (focusing on what or whom the vehicle carries), making it unique among the three CDL classifications as the only class triggered by factors other than weight alone.

Class C Weight Requirements Table:

Requirement	Specification
Vehicle GVWR	Less than 26,001 lbs
Towed Vehicle GVWR	10,000 lbs or less
Passenger Capacity Trigger	16+ passengers (including driver)
Hazmat Trigger	Any placardable quantity of hazardous materials
Difference from Class A	Class A: GCWR 26,001+ lbs with trailer over 10,000 lbs
Difference from Class B	Class B: Single vehicle 26,001+ lbs regardless of cargo
Example Vehicle	15-passenger van (10,000 lbs GVWR) configured to carry 16 people

Vehicles You Can Drive with Class C

Class C CDL holders typically operate passenger vans seating 16-25 people, small buses used for hotel and airport shuttles, church transportation vehicles, senior center buses, and small delivery vehicles carrying hazardous materials in placardable quantities that don’t require the weight capacity of larger trucks. Common employment sectors include hotel and resort transportation services providing guest shuttles, senior care facilities operating small shuttle buses for medical appointments and activities, private schools and daycares using passenger vans for field trips, airport shuttle companies, tour operators running small group excursions, and specialized delivery companies transporting chemicals, medical waste, or other regulated substances in smaller quantities. While the Class C vehicle category is narrower than Class A or B, it serves essential functions in passenger transport and specialized cargo operations where vehicle size doesn’t require heavier licenses but regulatory requirements still demand commercial certification.

Class C Vehicle Types Table:

Vehicle Type	Common Uses/Industries	Special Endorsement Required
16-25 Passenger Vans	Hotel shuttles, church groups, senior transport	P (Passenger)
Small Buses	Airport shuttles, retirement communities, daycare centers	P (Passenger)
Hazmat Vehicles (under 26,001 lbs)	Chemical delivery, medical waste, small-quantity regulated materials	H (Hazmat)
Small Tour Buses	Tourism, private charters, winery tours	P (Passenger)

Class C CDL Training and Testing

Class C CDL training is the shortest and most affordable option, typically requiring 1-3 weeks (approximately 40-120 hours) and costing between $1,500 and $3,500, though many employers—especially hotels, shuttle services, and senior care facilities—provide training directly as part of the hiring process. The curriculum focuses on passenger safety management and emergency evacuation procedures for those pursuing passenger endorsements, or hazardous materials handling, placarding, documentation, and emergency response procedures for hazmat endorsements. The complete timeline from starting training to receiving the license typically takes 3-6 weeks including testing and processing, and because Class C vehicles are smaller and often similar to standard passenger vehicles in handling characteristics, the training is less intensive than Class A or B programs, making it an accessible entry point for those seeking specific commercial driving positions without the commitment of longer programs.

Class C Testing Requirements Table:

Test Component	What It Covers	Passing Requirements
General Knowledge Test	Federal regulations, safety, vehicle operation	Written exam, 50 questions, 80% passing score (40+ correct)
Passenger Endorsement Test	Passenger safety, loading/unloading, emergency procedures	Written exam, 20 questions, 80% passing score (required for passenger vehicles)
Hazmat Endorsement Test	Hazardous materials regulations, shipping papers, placarding, emergency response	Written exam, 30 questions, 80% passing score, requires TSA background check
Pre-Trip Inspection	Vehicle safety inspection procedures appropriate to vehicle type	Practical demonstration, 30-45 minutes
Basic Control Skills Test	Basic maneuvers appropriate to vehicle type (backing, parking)	Practical test in controlled environment
Road Test	On-road driving in traffic conditions with appropriate vehicle	20-30 minute drive evaluated on safety and control

Required Endorsements (Class C is endorsement-driven):

• P (Passenger): Mandatory for vehicles carrying 16+ passengers, includes written test covering passenger safety, emergency exits, and proper loading procedures, plus practical skills demonstration
• H (Hazmat): Mandatory for transporting placardable quantities of hazardous materials as defined in 49 CFR 172.504, includes written test, fingerprinting, and TSA Security Threat Assessment ($86.50 fee), must be renewed every 5 years with background check

CDL License Comparison

Understanding the differences between CDL classes helps you choose the right path for your commercial driving career based on your lifestyle preferences, earning goals, and willingness to invest in training. Each class serves distinct purposes and opens doors to different industries, with varying levels of earning potential, lifestyle considerations, schedule predictability, and initial investment requirements in both time and money.

Complete CDL Class Comparison Table:

Feature	Class A	Class B	Class C
Weight Requirement	GCWR 26,001+ lbs with trailer 10,001+ lbs	Single vehicle GVWR 26,001+ lbs	Under 26,001 lbs GVWR
Primary Vehicles	Tractor-trailers, tankers, flatbeds	Straight trucks, buses, dump trucks	Passenger vans, small hazmat vehicles
Training Duration	3-7 weeks	2-4 weeks	1-3 weeks
Training Cost	$3,000-$7,000	$2,000-$5,000	$1,500-$3,500
Salary Range	$45,000-$75,000+	$40,000-$60,000	$35,000-$50,000
Work Schedule	Often long-haul, irregular, days/weeks away	Regional/local, more regular hours, daily home time	Local, usually regular hours, predictable schedules
Can Drive Lower Classes	Yes (B and C vehicles)	Yes (C vehicles only)	No (only Class C)
Industries	Long-haul trucking, freight, distribution	Construction, transit, delivery, sanitation	Shuttles, senior transport, specialized hazmat
Job Availability	Highest demand nationwide, driver shortage	Moderate to high demand, stable employment	Specialized/niche demand, location-dependent
Lifestyle Impact	High earning, less home time	Balanced earning and home time	Lower earning, most home time

The Class A CDL offers the most career flexibility and highest earning potential but requires the longest training period and often involves irregular schedules or extended time away from home, making it ideal for those prioritizing income over lifestyle balance. Class B provides excellent opportunities for those seeking more predictable schedules in local or regional positions with solid middle-class earnings and better work-life balance, appealing to drivers who want commercial careers while maintaining regular family time. Class C serves specialized niches in passenger transport and hazmat operations with the lowest barrier to entry, shortest training time, and most predictable schedules, though with more limited career advancement opportunities and lower earning potential compared to the heavier license classes.

Understanding CDL Classifications

A Commercial Driver’s License (CDL) is a specialized driver’s license required to operate large or heavy vehicles for commercial purposes in the United States. The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) has established three primary CDL classifications—Class A, Class B, and Class C—each designed for different vehicle types and weight categories. Understanding these distinctions is crucial for anyone pursuing a career in commercial driving, as the class you need depends on the specific vehicles you’ll be operating.

Choosing the right CDL class impacts your career opportunities, earning potential, and the types of jobs available to you. While Class A offers the most versatility and typically commands higher wages, Class B and Class C licenses provide excellent entry points into the commercial driving industry with shorter training periods and specific industry applications. Each class also requires passing specific knowledge and skills tests tailored to the vehicles you’ll be authorized to drive.

Class A CDL License

Definition and Vehicle Weight Requirements

A Class A CDL is required to operate combination vehicles with a Gross Combination Weight Rating (GCWR) of 26,001 pounds (11,794 kg) or more, provided the towed vehicle weighs more than 10,000 pounds (4,536 kg). This classification covers the heaviest and most complex commercial vehicles on the road, making it the most comprehensive CDL class available. The key difference from Class B is that Class A specifically authorizes tractor-trailer combinations where the trailer exceeds 10,000 pounds, while Class B is limited to single-unit vehicles or those towing lighter trailers.

Class A Weight Requirements Table:

Vehicle Component	Weight Specification
Gross Combination Weight Rating (GCWR)	26,001+ lbs (11,794+ kg)
Towed Vehicle (Trailer)	10,001+ lbs (4,536+ kg)
Power Unit	Typically 26,001+ lbs (11,794+ kg) GVWR

Vehicles You Can Drive with Class A

Class A CDL holders can operate tractor-trailers, tanker trucks, livestock carriers, flatbeds with trailers, and virtually any combination of vehicles meeting the weight requirements. This license also authorizes you to drive any Class B or Class C vehicle, making it the most versatile commercial license available. Common applications include long-haul trucking, regional freight delivery, and specialized hauling operations that form the backbone of American commerce. Yes, Class A holders can legally operate Class B and Class C vehicles without additional licensing, providing maximum career flexibility across all commercial driving sectors.

Common Class A Vehicles:

Vehicle Type	Common Uses	Typical Configuration
Tractor-Trailers (18-wheelers)	Long-haul freight, regional delivery	53-foot trailer
Tanker Trucks	Liquid/gas transportation	Various tank sizes
Flatbed Trailers	Construction materials, oversized loads	48-53 foot flatbed
Refrigerated Trailers	Temperature-controlled goods	48-53 foot reefer
Livestock Carriers	Animal transportation	Multi-level trailers
Double/Triple Trailers	Freight, mail delivery	Multiple trailer combinations

Class A CDL Training and Testing

Class A CDL training typically takes 3-7 weeks at an accredited truck driving school, with costs ranging from $3,000 to $7,000. Many carriers offer company-sponsored training programs where they cover tuition costs in exchange for a work commitment, typically requiring 6-12 months of employment. Prerequisites include being at least 18 years old for intrastate commerce (21 for interstate), holding a valid driver’s license, and passing a DOT physical examination. The testing process includes a general knowledge written exam, a combination vehicles written test, a pre-trip vehicle inspection, basic vehicle control skills testing, and an on-road driving test conducted in a Class A vehicle. Class A training is more extensive than Class B due to the complexity of operating combination vehicles, requiring additional instruction on coupling/uncoupling trailers, trailer maneuvering, and managing longer vehicle combinations.

Class A Testing Components:

Test Component	What’s Assessed	Duration/Notes
Knowledge Tests	General knowledge, combination vehicles, air brakes	Multiple choice, 50-80 questions total
Pre-Trip Inspection	Ability to identify vehicle defects and safety issues	30-60 minutes
Basic Controls Test	Straight line backing, offset backing, parallel parking	Scored on accuracy and technique
Road Test	Safe driving, turning, traffic navigation, shifting	30-60 minutes of actual driving

Class B CDL License

Definition and Vehicle Weight Requirements

A Class B CDL authorizes the operation of single vehicles with a Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) of 26,001 pounds (11,794 kg) or more, or any such vehicle towing a vehicle with a GVWR of less than 10,000 pounds (4,536 kg). This classification is designed for heavy straight trucks and buses that don’t require the combination vehicle expertise of Class A. The key distinction from Class A is that Class B vehicles are typically single-unit vehicles rather than tractor-trailer combinations, and any towed vehicle must remain under the 10,000-pound threshold. Compared to Class C, Class B is weight-based rather than passenger or cargo-type based, focusing on heavier single-unit vehicles.

Class B Weight Requirements Table:

Vehicle Component	Weight Specification
Single Vehicle GVWR	26,001+ lbs (11,794+ kg)
Towed Vehicle	Under 10,000 lbs (4,536 kg)
Total Combination	May exceed 26,001 lbs with tow

Vehicles You Can Drive with Class B

Class B CDL holders commonly operate straight trucks, city buses, segmented buses, box trucks, dump trucks, concrete mixers, large delivery trucks, and tow trucks. This license is ideal for local and regional driving positions including municipal bus drivers, local delivery drivers, utility workers, and construction equipment operators. Class B holders can also operate any Class C vehicle, providing good career flexibility within local and regional markets. Industries hiring Class B drivers include public transportation, waste management, construction, food service distribution, and moving/delivery services.

Common Class B Vehicles:

Vehicle Type	Common Industries	Typical Weight Range
Straight/Box Trucks	Moving companies, furniture delivery	26,001-33,000 lbs (11,794-14,969 kg)
City/Transit Buses	Public transportation	30,000-40,000 lbs (13,608-18,144 kg)
Dump Trucks	Construction, landscaping	26,001-36,000 lbs (11,794-16,329 kg)
Concrete Mixers	Construction	30,000-40,000 lbs (13,608-18,144 kg)
Refuse/Garbage Trucks	Waste management	33,000-64,000 lbs (14,969-29,030 kg)
Tow Trucks	Vehicle recovery	26,001-33,000 lbs (11,794-14,969 kg)
Delivery Trucks	Food service, package delivery	26,001-33,000 lbs (11,794-14,969 kg)

Class B CDL Training and Testing

Class B CDL training programs typically last 2-4 weeks and cost between $2,000 and $5,000, making them a faster and more affordable option than Class A training. Many employers in transit, delivery, and construction sectors offer on-the-job training or tuition reimbursement programs. Prerequisites include being at least 18 years old for intrastate commerce (21 for interstate), possessing a valid driver’s license, and passing a DOT medical examination. The testing process mirrors Class A requirements but uses a Class B vehicle: candidates must pass general knowledge and air brakes written tests, complete a pre-trip inspection demonstrating knowledge of vehicle components and safety systems, demonstrate basic vehicle control skills including backing maneuvers, and successfully complete a road test in a Class B vehicle navigating various traffic conditions.

Class B Training Timeline and Costs:

Training Method	Duration	Typical Cost	Best For
Private Truck Driving School	2-4 weeks	$2,000-$5,000	Quick entry, career changers
Community College Programs	6-10 weeks	$1,500-$4,000	Comprehensive training, flexible schedule
Employer-Sponsored Training	2-6 weeks	$0 (work commitment required)	Those committed to specific employer

Class C CDL License

Definition and Vehicle Weight Requirements

A Class C CDL is required for vehicles designed to transport 16 or more passengers (including the driver) or those placarded for hazardous materials, regardless of weight. Unlike Classes A and B, which are primarily weight-based classifications, Class C focuses on the type of cargo or number of passengers rather than vehicle weight. This makes it the most specialized CDL class, often required for passenger transportation and hazmat operations involving smaller vehicles that don’t meet the weight thresholds of Class A or B. A Class C vehicle typically weighs less than 26,001 pounds (11,794 kg) GVWR and tows vehicles under 10,000 pounds (4,536 kg), but the passenger capacity or hazmat cargo triggers the CDL requirement.

Class C Requirements Table:

Requirement Type	Specification
Passenger Capacity	16+ passengers (including driver)
Hazardous Materials	Vehicles placarded for hazmat (any weight)
Vehicle Weight	Under 26,001 lbs (11,794 kg) GVWR (if not meeting above criteria)
Towed Vehicle	Under 10,000 lbs (4,536 kg) GVWR

Vehicles You Can Drive with Class C

Class C CDL holders typically operate small passenger buses, shuttles, vans carrying 16+ passengers, and vehicles transporting hazardous materials that don’t require Class A or B licenses. Common applications include hotel and airport shuttles, small school buses, church and senior center buses, medical transport vehicles, and delivery vehicles carrying placarded hazardous materials. This license is particularly valuable in passenger transportation, tourism, healthcare transportation, and specialized delivery services. Class C drivers cannot operate Class A or B vehicles, as those require higher-level licensing due to weight requirements, limiting Class C to smaller vehicles within the passenger or hazmat categories.

Common Class C Vehicles:

Vehicle Type	Passenger Capacity/Use	Typical Applications
Small Passenger Buses	16-25 passengers	Hotels, airports, churches
Shuttle Vans	16-20 passengers	Employee shuttles, senior centers
Small School Buses	16-20 passengers	Rural routes, special needs transport
Hazmat Delivery Vehicles	Placarded hazmat cargo	Chemical delivery, propane, medical waste

Class C CDL Training and Testing

Class C CDL training is typically the shortest and most affordable, lasting 1-3 weeks with costs ranging from $1,000 to $3,000. Many passenger transportation companies and hazmat employers provide in-house training programs. Prerequisites include being at least 18 years old for intrastate passenger transport (21 for interstate or hazmat), holding a valid driver’s license, passing a DOT physical, and for hazmat endorsements, being able to pass TSA security screening. Testing requirements include the general knowledge exam plus specific endorsement tests: the Passenger (P) endorsement for passenger vehicles or Hazardous Materials (H) endorsement for hazmat operations. Candidates must also complete a pre-trip inspection, basic vehicle control test, and road test in a Class C vehicle. If pursuing the hazmat endorsement, additional TSA background checks and fingerprinting are required, adding 4-6 weeks to the process and costing an additional $86.50.

Class C Endorsements and Testing:

Endorsement	Required For	Additional Requirements
P (Passenger)	16+ passenger vehicles	Passenger transport knowledge test
H (Hazardous Materials)	Placarded hazmat vehicles	Hazmat knowledge test, TSA background check, fingerprinting
Combined Testing	General operation	Pre-trip inspection, skills test, road test in Class C vehicle
TSA Security Threat Assessment	Hazmat endorsement only	$86.50 fee, background check (results valid 5 years)

CDL Endorsements and Restrictions

Common CDL Endorsements

Beyond the three primary CDL classes, drivers can obtain endorsements that authorize them to operate specialized vehicles or carry specific cargo types. The most common endorsements include: T (Double/Triple Trailers) for multiple trailer combinations, N (Tank Vehicles) for liquid or gas cargo tanks, P (Passenger) for vehicles carrying 16+ passengers, H (Hazardous Materials) requiring TSA clearance, S (School Bus) for school bus operation, and X (Combination Tanker/Hazmat) for drivers needing both. Each endorsement requires passing an additional knowledge test specific to that specialization, and some require background checks or additional skills testing.

CDL Endorsements Overview:

Endorsement Code	Authorization	Additional Testing Required	Special Requirements
T (Tandem)	Double/triple trailers	Knowledge test	Class A license required
N (Tank)	Tank vehicles	Knowledge test	None
P (Passenger)	16+ passengers	Knowledge test + skills test	Background check recommended
H (Hazmat)	Hazardous materials	Knowledge test	TSA background check, fingerprinting, $86.50 fee
S (School Bus)	School buses	Knowledge test + skills test	State-specific requirements vary
X (Combo)	Tank + Hazmat combined	Both H and N tests	All H endorsement requirements

CDL Restrictions

CDL restrictions limit what vehicles or conditions a driver can operate under and appear as codes on your license. Common restrictions include: L (No air brake equipped vehicles) if you test in a vehicle without air brakes, E (No manual transmission) if tested in an automatic, O (No tractor-trailer) limiting Class A drivers to straight trucks only, M (No Class A passenger vehicle) and N (No Class A or B passenger vehicle) for passenger restrictions, K (Intrastate only) limiting driving to within state borders, and V (Medical variance) for drivers with medical waivers. These restrictions can significantly impact job opportunities, so most training programs recommend testing in vehicles that won’t limit your future employment options.

Common CDL Restrictions:

Restriction Code	Limitation	How to Avoid/Remove
L	No air brake vehicles	Test in vehicle with air brakes
E	No manual transmission	Test in manual transmission vehicle
O	No tractor-trailer	Complete Class A testing
M/N	Passenger vehicle restrictions	Complete passenger endorsement properly
K	Intrastate only (within state)	Meet federal medical certification requirements
V	Medical variance documented	Maintain medical variance compliance
Z	No full air brake equipped CMV	Test with full air brake system

Choosing the Right CDL Class for Your Career

Career Opportunities by CDL Class

Your CDL class directly influences available career paths and earning potential. Class A drivers have the most opportunities, with long-haul trucking averaging $50,000-$75,000 annually and specialized hauling reaching $80,000+. Class B drivers typically earn $40,000-$60,000 in positions like transit bus drivers, delivery drivers, and dump truck operators, with more predictable schedules and home-daily routes. Class C positions, including shuttle drivers and small bus operators, generally offer $30,000-$45,000 annually but provide excellent work-life balance and local opportunities. Consider factors beyond pay: Class A offers highest earnings but requires extensive time away from home, while Class B and C typically provide better work-life balance with local or regional routes.

Career Comparison by CDL Class:

CDL Class	Common Positions	Average Annual Salary	Typical Schedule	Job Market Outlook
Class A	Long-haul trucker, regional driver, specialized hauler	$50,000-$75,000+	Days/weeks away from home	High demand, 230,000+ openings
Class B	Bus driver, delivery driver, dump truck, waste management	$40,000-$60,000	Local/regional, often home daily	Steady demand, 100,000+ openings
Class C	Shuttle driver, small bus, hazmat delivery	$30,000-$45,000	Local, regular hours	Moderate demand, specific industries

Steps to Obtain Your CDL

The CDL acquisition process begins with obtaining a Commercial Learner’s Permit (CLP) from your state’s DMV after passing the general knowledge test and any endorsement tests you need. You must hold your CLP for at least 14 days before taking the skills test, during which time you can practice driving with a licensed CDL holder. Next, complete training at an accredited school or through an employer program, ensuring the training matches your desired CDL class. Finally, schedule and pass your skills test (pre-trip inspection, basic controls, and road test) at an approved testing facility. The entire process typically takes 3-8 weeks depending on your chosen class, and costs range from $1,500 to $7,000 including permit fees ($50-$100), training, testing fees ($40-$100), and license issuance ($50-$200).

Class C CDL License

Definition and Special Requirements

A Class C CDL is required for vehicles designed to transport 16 or more passengers (including the driver) or vehicles transporting hazardous materials requiring placarding, when those vehicles don’t qualify for Class A or Class B. Unlike Class A and B licenses that focus primarily on vehicle weight (Class A covers combinations over 26,001 pounds GCWR with trailers exceeding 10,000 pounds, while Class B covers single vehicles over 26,001 pounds GVWR), Class C addresses specialized cargo or passenger capacity in smaller vehicles. The key distinction is that Class C vehicles may be lighter than 26,001 pounds but require a CDL due to their purpose—passenger transport or hazardous materials carriage.

Drivers must meet standard CDL age requirements of 18 years for intrastate operations or 21 years for interstate commerce. A DOT medical examination is mandatory, covering vision (at least 20/40 in each eye), hearing, blood pressure, and overall physical fitness. Specific endorsements are required: the Passenger (P) endorsement for vehicles carrying 16+ passengers, or the Hazardous Materials (H) endorsement for HazMat transport, which necessitates a TSA background check, fingerprinting, and costs approximately $86.50-$100. Class C differs from other classes in that the endorsements are not optional add-ons but essential requirements to legally operate these specialized vehicles.

Vehicles You Can Drive with Class C

Class C CDL authorizes operation of small buses and vans designed to carry 16 or more passengers (including the driver), such as hotel shuttles, church buses, airport shuttles, small transit vehicles, and private charter buses under 26,001 pounds GVWR. The passenger capacity limit is crucial—vehicles designed for 15 or fewer passengers don’t require a CDL. It also covers vehicles of any size transporting hazardous materials in quantities requiring federal safety placards under Department of Transportation regulations, including tank vehicles carrying chemicals, delivery trucks transporting explosives or toxic materials, and specialized vehicles hauling flammable liquids or gases.

Weight restrictions for Class C are vehicles under 26,001 pounds GVWR that don’t tow trailers over 10,000 pounds—anything larger would require Class A or B. With the HazMat endorsement, drivers can transport materials classified under hazard classes 1-9, including explosives, gases, flammable liquids, toxic substances, and radioactive materials, provided proper placarding and documentation requirements are met. Class C holders cannot operate tractor-trailer combinations (Class A) or single heavy vehicles over 26,001 pounds (Class B) unless they hold those respective licenses.

Vehicle Type	Passenger Capacity	Special Requirements	Common Examples
Small passenger vehicles	16+ passengers (including driver)	Passenger (P) endorsement required	Hotel shuttles, church vans, small charter buses, airport shuttles
HazMat vehicles	Any size under Class A/B thresholds	HazMat (H) endorsement, TSA background check	Chemical delivery trucks, fuel transport vehicles, propane delivery vans
Small school buses	16+ passengers	Passenger (P) + School Bus (S) endorsements	School buses under 26,001 lbs GVWR
Combination passenger/HazMat	16+ passengers with HazMat	Both P and H endorsements	Specialized transport vehicles (rare)

Class C CDL Training and Testing

Class C training is typically the shortest and most affordable CDL program, lasting 2-4 weeks with costs ranging from $1,500 to $4,000 at accredited truck driving schools, though many shuttle companies, transit agencies, and school districts provide employer-sponsored training at reduced or no cost. The training includes classroom instruction on passenger safety, HazMat regulations, vehicle systems, and federal transportation laws, plus hands-on practice with vehicle inspection, passenger management, and emergency procedures. Total training time averages 40-80 hours depending on endorsements sought and state requirements, with some accelerated programs available for experienced drivers transitioning from non-CDL positions.

The testing process begins with written knowledge exams: the general knowledge test covering traffic laws, safety regulations, and vehicle operation (50 questions, 80% passing score), plus endorsement-specific tests—the Passenger endorsement exam covers loading/unloading procedures, emergency evacuations, railroad crossings, and passenger management (20 questions, 80% passing), while the HazMat endorsement requires extensive knowledge of safety regulations, placard requirements, load securement, and emergency response procedures (30 questions, 80% passing). The practical skills test includes three components: a pre-trip vehicle inspection demonstrating knowledge of safety systems, basic control skills like straight-line backing and offset backing, and an on-road driving test covering turns, intersections, and traffic navigation. If seeking the Passenger endorsement, candidates must demonstrate proper passenger loading zone procedures, railroad crossing protocols (full stop, window down, listen), and emergency exit operations. State-specific variations exist, with some states requiring additional testing for school bus operations or specialized passenger transport, and testing fees typically range from $40-$120 depending on the state and number of endorsements pursued.

Comparing CDL License Classes

Commercial Driver’s Licenses (CDLs) are divided into three main classes—A, B, and C—each authorizing drivers to operate different types of commercial vehicles based on weight and configuration. The classification system exists because commercial vehicles vary dramatically in size, complexity, and safety requirements, necessitating different skill levels and training standards. These classes are determined by the Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR), Gross Combination Weight Rating (GCWR), and the weight of towed vehicles, ensuring drivers are qualified for the specific demands of their equipment.

The fundamental difference between classes lies in vehicle combinations and weight capacities. Class A covers combination vehicles where the total weight exceeds 26,001 lbs and the towed unit weighs over 10,000 lbs—essentially tractor-trailers and similar rigs. Class B applies to heavy single vehicles weighing 26,001 lbs or more, or those towing lighter trailers under 10,000 lbs, such as straight trucks and buses. Class C is designated for vehicles carrying 16 or more passengers or transporting hazardous materials, regardless of weight. Understanding these distinctions is crucial for aspiring commercial drivers, as each class opens different career paths and requires specific training and testing.

CDL Class Comparison Table:

License Class	Vehicle Type	GCWR Requirement	Towed Vehicle Weight	Common Examples
Class A	Combination vehicles	Over 26,001 lbs	Over 10,000 lbs	Tractor-trailers, tanker trucks, livestock carriers, flatbeds with trailers
Class B	Heavy straight vehicles	26,001 lbs or more	10,000 lbs or less	Straight trucks, large buses, segmented buses, box trucks, dump trucks
Class C	Small vehicles or special purpose	Under 26,001 lbs	N/A	Passenger vans (16+ people), hazmat vehicles, small buses

Class A vs. Class B vs. Class C

Class A CDL is the most comprehensive license, allowing drivers to operate any combination of vehicles where the GCWR exceeds 26,001 lbs and the towed vehicle weighs more than 10,000 lbs—this includes semi-trucks, tractor-trailers, and truck-and-trailer combinations used in long-haul freight. Class B permits operation of single vehicles with a GVWR of 26,001 lbs or more, or vehicles towing trailers under 10,000 lbs, such as straight trucks, large buses, dump trucks, and delivery vehicles. Class C is required for vehicles transporting 16 or more passengers (including the driver) or hazardous materials, regardless of vehicle weight, covering passenger vans, small buses, and hazmat transport vehicles. Importantly, a Class A license holder can legally operate Class B and C vehicles, and a Class B holder can operate Class C vehicles, making Class A the most versatile option and Class C the most restrictive. Training requirements increase with class level—Class A demands more extensive behind-the-wheel training including combination vehicle maneuvering and coupling/uncoupling, while Class C may require passenger or hazmat endorsements with additional written tests but less complex driving assessments.

Weight and Towing Capacity Differences

Understanding GVWR (Gross Vehicle Weight Rating) and GCWR (Gross Combination Weight Rating) is essential for CDL classification—GVWR represents the maximum weight of a single vehicle including cargo, while GCWR is the total weight of a vehicle combination including the towing vehicle, trailer, and all cargo. The defining factor separating CDL classes is the weight threshold of 26,001 lbs for both GCWR and GVWR, along with the 10,000 lbs towing capacity limit. Class A requires drivers to handle combination vehicles exceeding 26,001 lbs GCWR with towed units over 10,000 lbs—for example, an 18-wheeler with a 35,000 lb tractor pulling a 45,000 lb loaded trailer. Class B applies to single vehicles weighing 26,001 lbs or more but restricts towing to trailers under 10,000 lbs, such as a 33,000 lb dump truck pulling an 8,000 lb equipment trailer. Class C has no specific weight requirement but is mandated for passenger capacity (16+ occupants) or hazardous materials transport. Operating a vehicle that exceeds your CDL class weight limits can result in serious penalties including fines up to $10,000, license suspension, employer liability, and potential criminal charges for knowingly violating weight restrictions, making it essential to match your license class to your vehicle’s specifications.

Weight and Capacity Specifications:

License Class	Maximum GCWR	Maximum GVWR	Towed Vehicle Weight Limit	Minimum Requirements
Class A	Over 26,001 lbs	Varies	Over 10,000 lbs	Combination vehicles only
Class B	26,001+ lbs	26,001+ lbs	Up to 10,000 lbs	Single vehicle or small trailer
Class C	Under 26,001 lbs	Under 26,001 lbs	N/A	16+ passengers or hazmat

Career Opportunities by License Type

Each CDL class opens distinct career paths with varying salary potential and job availability across multiple industries. Class A drivers enjoy the broadest opportunities in long-haul trucking, intermodal transport, refrigerated freight, and specialized hauling (flatbed, tanker, oversized loads), with average salaries ranging from $45,000 to $75,000 annually, and experienced drivers in specialized roles earning over $80,000—the logistics and freight industries maintain the highest demand for Class A drivers. Class B positions include local delivery drivers, transit and school bus operators, dump truck drivers, tow truck operators, and utility vehicle drivers, typically earning $35,000 to $60,000 per year with consistent demand in construction, waste management, public transportation, and local delivery sectors. Class C drivers work primarily in passenger transport (hotel shuttles, airport vans, small tour buses) and hazmat delivery, with salaries between $30,000 and $50,000 annually in tourism, hospitality, and specialized delivery industries. The trucking industry faces a persistent driver shortage with particularly high demand for Class A license holders, while all CDL classes offer stable employment—many drivers begin with Class B positions to gain experience locally, then upgrade to Class A through additional training and testing to access higher-paying long-haul opportunities, demonstrating clear career advancement pathways within the commercial driving profession.

Career Opportunities by License Class:

License Class	Common Job Titles	Typical Salary Range	Primary Industries	Job Demand
Class A	Long-haul trucker, tanker driver, flatbed operator, OTR driver	$45,000 - $80,000+	Logistics, freight, intermodal transport	High
Class B	Local delivery driver, bus driver, dump truck operator, moving truck driver	$35,000 - $60,000	Construction, waste management, public transit, delivery services	Medium-High
Class C	Shuttle driver, passenger van operator, small bus driver, hazmat courier	$30,000 - $50,000	Tourism, hotel transport, hazmat delivery, passenger services	Medium

A Commercial Driver’s License (CDL) is a specialized license required to operate large or heavy vehicles for commercial purposes in the United States. Unlike a standard driver’s license, a CDL qualifies drivers to handle trucks, buses, and vehicles transporting hazardous materials or large numbers of passengers. The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) establishes the standards for CDL requirements, though individual states administer the testing and licensing process.

Understanding the different types of CDL licenses is essential for anyone considering a career in commercial driving. The classification system is based on vehicle weight, design, and the type of cargo or passengers being transported. Choosing the right CDL class depends on your career goals, the vehicles you plan to operate, and the industries you want to work in.

CDL License Classes

CDL licenses are divided into three main classes—Class A, Class B, and Class C—each permitting drivers to operate specific types of commercial vehicles. These classifications are primarily determined by the Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) and Gross Combination Weight Rating (GCWR) of the vehicles. The class of CDL you obtain directly affects which vehicles you’re legally authorized to drive and, consequently, the job opportunities available to you.

Each class has distinct requirements and opens doors to different sectors of the transportation industry. Class A CDL holders have the broadest range of options and can operate any Class B or Class C vehicle, while Class B holders can operate Class C vehicles. Class C is the most specialized, focusing on passenger transport and hazardous materials. Understanding these distinctions helps prospective drivers make informed decisions about their training and career paths.

Class A CDL

A Class A CDL is required to operate combination vehicles with a GCWR of 26,001 pounds or more, provided the towed vehicle weighs more than 10,000 pounds. This is the most versatile CDL class and allows drivers to operate the widest variety of commercial vehicles, including tractor-trailers, tanker trucks, livestock carriers, and flatbeds. Class A CDL holders can also operate any vehicle that requires a Class B or Class C CDL, making it the most comprehensive commercial license available. This classification is essential for long-haul trucking and interstate freight transportation.

Class B CDL

A Class B CDL authorizes drivers to operate single vehicles with a GVWR of 26,001 pounds or more, or vehicles towing another vehicle that weighs 10,000 pounds or less. Common vehicles in this category include straight trucks, large buses, segmented buses, box trucks, and dump trucks with small trailers. Class B CDL holders can also operate any Class C vehicle, providing flexibility within certain sectors. This license is ideal for drivers interested in local delivery routes, municipal services, tour bus operation, or regional transportation jobs that don’t require tractor-trailer operation.

Class C CDL

A Class C CDL is required for vehicles that don’t meet Class A or B weight requirements but are designed to transport 16 or more passengers (including the driver) or hazardous materials requiring placards. These vehicles typically weigh less than 26,001 pounds and include passenger vans, small buses, and vehicles carrying hazardous materials in quantities that require special handling. While this is the most limited CDL class in terms of vehicle size, it’s essential for specific industries such as passenger transportation services, hazmat delivery, and shuttle operations. Many drivers obtain a Class C CDL with specific endorsements to work in specialized transportation roles.

CDL Endorsements

Beyond the three main CDL classes, drivers can obtain endorsements that authorize them to operate specialized vehicles or transport specific types of cargo. Endorsements are additional qualifications added to your existing CDL rather than separate licenses—they appear as letter codes on your CDL card. They require passing additional knowledge tests and, in some cases, skills tests or background checks to ensure drivers have specialized expertise.

Endorsements expand your job opportunities and often lead to higher-paying positions within the commercial driving industry. Certain vehicles or cargo types legally require specific endorsements regardless of your base CDL class, and some driving jobs require particular endorsement combinations, making them valuable credentials for career advancement.

What are CDL Endorsements?

CDL endorsements are special certifications that permit drivers to operate vehicles or carry cargo requiring additional training and expertise beyond the base CDL class. While your CDL class determines the size and type of vehicle you can drive based on weight, endorsements specify what you can transport or the special vehicle features you can handle. For example, you might hold a Class A CDL with a Hazardous Materials (H) endorsement, allowing you to drive tractor-trailers carrying hazmat cargo. Endorsements are added directly to your existing CDL card and are not separate licenses—they work in combination with your base license class to authorize specific commercial driving activities that would otherwise be prohibited.

Common Endorsement Types

Endorsement Code	Name	Allows You To	Key Requirements
H	Hazardous Materials	Transport hazardous materials requiring placards	TSA background check, additional written test
N	Tank Vehicles	Operate tank vehicles (liquid or gas cargo)	Written test; applies to tanks with 1,000+ gallon capacity
P	Passenger	Transport 16 or more passengers (including driver)	Written and skills test; required for bus drivers
S	School Bus	Drive school buses	P endorsement, written and skills test, state-specific requirements
T	Double/Triple Trailers	Pull two or three trailers simultaneously	Written test; requires Class A CDL
X	Combination Tank/Hazmat	Combined H and N endorsements	Must pass both H and N tests separately

The most commonly sought endorsements are H (Hazardous Materials) and N (Tank Vehicles), particularly for drivers in fuel transportation and chemical hauling industries where demand remains consistently high. The X endorsement is particularly valuable as it combines H and N, qualifying drivers for the highest-paying tanker truck positions. Passenger (P) and School Bus (S) endorsements are essential for anyone pursuing careers in public transportation or student transportation services. The T (Double/Triple Trailers) endorsement is a prerequisite for certain Class A driving positions and works exclusively with Class A licenses, while the S endorsement requires first obtaining the P endorsement.

How to Obtain Endorsements

To obtain a CDL endorsement, you must first hold a valid CDL in the appropriate class for the vehicle you plan to operate. The general process involves studying the relevant section of your state’s CDL manual, then visiting your local DMV or authorized testing center to take a written knowledge test specific to that endorsement. Some endorsements, like the Passenger (P) and School Bus (S), also require a skills test demonstrating your ability to safely operate the vehicle type, while others like H, N, T, and X require only written examinations. The Hazardous Materials (H) endorsement has the most stringent requirements, including a TSA security threat assessment involving fingerprinting and a background check that costs approximately $86.50 and takes 2-6 weeks to process. You can obtain multiple endorsements simultaneously by taking all required tests during the same visit to the DMV, though you’ll need to pass each test separately. Endorsement application fees vary by state but generally range from $10 to $50 per endorsement, and endorsements typically renew on the same schedule as your base CDL—every 4-8 years depending on your state—though the H endorsement requires background check renewal every 5 years regardless of your CDL renewal date.

How to Obtain Your CDL

Obtaining a Commercial Driver’s License (CDL) involves a multi-step process that typically takes between 3 to 8 weeks, depending on your chosen training path and state requirements. To be eligible, you must be at least 18 years old for intrastate commerce (21 for interstate commerce), hold a valid regular driver’s license, pass a Department of Transportation (DOT) physical exam, and have a clean driving record without major violations. The process begins with studying for and passing the written knowledge tests, obtaining a Commercial Learner’s Permit (CLP), completing behind-the-wheel training, and finally passing the skills test. The entire timeline from start to finish typically ranges from 3 weeks for accelerated programs to 8 weeks for more comprehensive training.

The entire process requires careful preparation and investment of both time and money, with total costs ranging from $1,500 to $8,000 depending on your training option. You’ll need to gather essential documents including proof of identity, Social Security card, proof of residency, medical examiner’s certificate, and any previous driving records. Understanding these requirements upfront helps you prepare properly and avoid delays in obtaining your CDL.

Requirement Type	Details	Why It Matters
Age	18+ for intrastate, 21+ for interstate	Federal regulation for crossing state lines
Medical	DOT physical exam and medical certificate	Ensures you’re physically capable of operating commercial vehicles
Driving Record	No major violations (DUI, reckless driving)	Safety and insurance requirements
Residency	Valid state ID and proof of residency	License issued by your state of residence
Testing	Pass written knowledge and skills tests	Demonstrates competency to operate commercial vehicles

Steps to Get a CDL License

The CDL acquisition process follows a structured sequence that ensures you’re properly trained and tested. First, you’ll study the CDL manual for your state and pass the written knowledge tests for your desired class and endorsements, which allows you to obtain your Commercial Learner’s Permit (CLP) for $50-$100. With your CLP in hand, you must wait a minimum of 14 days before taking your skills test, during which you’ll complete behind-the-wheel training through an FMCSA-approved program ($3,000-$7,000). You’ll then schedule and pass the three-part skills test: pre-trip vehicle inspection, basic vehicle control, and on-road driving test ($100-$300). Common mistakes to avoid include inadequate study time for written tests, choosing unapproved training programs, not practicing the pre-trip inspection thoroughly, and rushing to take the skills test before you’re fully prepared.

Step	Action Required	What You Need	Estimated Cost	Timeline
1	Study CDL Manual	CDL handbook, study materials	$0-$50	1-2 weeks
2	Pass Written Tests	ID, proof of residency, Social Security card	$50-$100	1 day
3	Obtain CLP	All documents from step 2, pass vision test	Included above	Same day
4	Complete Training	CLP, enrollment in approved program	$3,000-$7,000	3-6 weeks
5	Pass Skills Test	CLP, trained vehicle, medical certificate	$100-$300	1 day
6	Receive CDL	All previous requirements completed	Included in fees	1-2 weeks

FMCSA-Approved Training Programs

FMCSA (Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration) approved training programs meet federal Entry-Level Driver Training (ELDT) requirements that became mandatory in February 2022, ensuring all new CDL drivers receive standardized, quality instruction. These programs must be listed on the FMCSA’s Training Provider Registry and cover both theory (minimum 31 topics including vehicle operation, safe driving practices, hours of service regulations, and cargo handling) and behind-the-wheel instruction (minimum range and road training hours). You can find approved programs by searching the FMCSA Training Provider Registry at tpr.fmcsa.dot.gov, filtering by your state and desired training type. When choosing a program, look for factors like pass rates, job placement assistance, equipment quality, instructor experience, and student reviews. Many programs offer financial aid options including federal student loans, veteran benefits through the GI Bill, workforce development grants, and company-sponsored training where employers cover costs in exchange for a work commitment, with some trucking companies offering tuition reimbursement programs that pay back your training costs over your first year of employment.

Program Type	Typical Duration	Cost Range	Pros	Cons
Private CDL Schools	3-6 weeks	$3,000-$7,000	Flexible schedules, comprehensive training, faster completion	Upfront cost, no job guarantee
Community College Programs	8-16 weeks	$2,000-$5,000	Lower cost, accredited education, financial aid available	Longer duration, less flexible timing
Company-Sponsored Training	3-4 weeks	$0-$1,500 (with work commitment)	Little to no upfront cost, job upon completion	Work contract required (typically 1 year), may have lower initial pay
Vocational Schools	4-8 weeks	$3,500-$6,000	Focused training, career services, veteran benefits accepted	Mid-range cost, varying quality

CDL Renewal Requirements

CDL licenses must be renewed every 5 to 8 years depending on your state, though your medical certificate requires renewal every 2 years (or annually if you’re over 65 or have certain medical conditions). The renewal process involves submitting an application to your state’s DMV, paying the renewal fee ($50-$100), updating your photo, passing a vision test, and providing a current medical examiner’s certificate. If you let your CDL expire, consequences vary by how long it’s been expired: under 1 year typically requires just standard renewal procedures, but over 1 year may require retaking written knowledge tests, and over 2 years in some states may require retaking both written and skills tests. Renewal requirements do differ by state in terms of frequency (some states renew every 5 years, others every 8 years), whether written tests are required, and specific documentation needed, so always check your state DMV website. There are no federal continuing education requirements for standard CDL renewal, though some employers may require periodic training, and certain endorsements like HazMat require passing the knowledge test again every 5 years along with a TSA background check ($86.50).

Component	Renewal Frequency	Requirements/Tests Needed	Typical Cost	Consequences of Expiration
CDL License	Every 5-8 years	Application, vision test, current photo	$50-$100	May require retesting if expired over 1 year
Medical Certificate	Every 2 years (1 year if 65+)	DOT physical exam	$75-$150	Cannot legally operate commercial vehicle
HazMat Endorsement	Every 5 years	TSA background check, knowledge test	$86.50-$150	Must remove endorsement, retest to restore
Passenger/School Bus	With CDL renewal	May require periodic training	Included in CDL fee	Cannot transport passengers
TWIC Card	Every 5 years	Background check, biometrics	$125-$140	Cannot access secure port facilities